LEONARDO DA VİNCİ

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18 Feb 2024

Leonardo da Vinci was born on April 15, 1452, in Vinci, a small town near Florence in Italy. He was the illegitimate child of Ser Piero da Vinci, a notary, and Caterina, a peasant girl. Although little is known about Leonardo's early life, it is thought that he lived with his mother until the age of five and with his father, who then remarried.

Leonardo moved to Florence with his father in 1466. His drawings from a young age attracted his father's attention. As a result of his son showing his drawings to Andrea del Verrocchio, one of the Florentine painting masters, Leonardo entered his workshop as an apprentice. Under the supervision of Verrocchio, who was an expert in many fields from jewelery to sculpture, he gained experience in a wide range of fields such as sculpture, painting, architecture, optical theories and perspective, as well as geometry, natural sciences and music.

In 1472, at the age of twenty, Leonardo was admitted to the Guild of Florentine Painters and Sculptors. He remained with Verrocchio until 1476, although this meant that he could receive independent commissions as a painter and sculptor. During this period, his master Verrocchio received an order on the subject of "The Baptism of Christ". Leonardo carried out one of the first works with paints as his master's assistant. He painted an angel holding some clothes in his hand on the left of the picture. It has even been said that Verrocchio stopped painting because of his student's talent.

Although Leonardo usually worked with models in the workshop, he also made works based on nature. The first known pattern and sketch work, "Arno View" dated 1473, gave clues about the originality of his way of depicting nature. However, his "Annunciation to Mary" dated 1475 was the signature of his mastery in this field.

In 1478, Leonardo received his first important commission, with an order to decorate the altarpiece of the San Bernardo Chapel in the Palazzo Vecchio in Florence. But Leonardo did not complete this painting. His commissions for a medium-sized altar painting depicting "St. Hieronymus" in 1480 and the "Adoration of the Magi Kings" for the Monastery of San Donato in Scopeto in 1481 were left unfinished, like many of his works.

In 1482, he said goodbye to his master Verocchio and the Florentine Society of Painters, of which he was a member, and went to Milan for a new beginning. Ludovico Sforza, known as II Moro, was ruling in Milan. There were two main reasons why he chose Milan. The first was that Leonardo, a musician, wanted to gift the horse-head-shaped lyre he designed to Lorenzo de'Medici to Ludovico Sforza, Duke of Milan. The other reason was that, while he was still in Florence, he heard that the Dukes of Milan were preparing a large monument project. Ludovico Sforza was planning to have a gigantic equestrian statue built in honor of his father, Francesco Sforza. Leonardo reserved a special place for this bill in his application letter to the Palace of Milan. In this letter, he also emphasized his abilities in the field of military engineering. However, his first work in Milan was the painting "Madonna of the Rocks", which was to form the central part of a large altarpiece for the chapel of the Church of San Francesco Grande, dated 1483.

Leonardo was designing the decorations and costumes used in the ceremonies and city festivals of the Sforza family in Milan. He also worked as a military engineer and architect.

The mid-1480s were the years when Leonardo made scientific drawings of a considerable variety. In addition to his technical, scientific and artistic drawings, he also created astonishing works of imagination. He designed military devices and machines. He also made flying machines and similar designs in Milan, where he spent seventeen years. In the late 1480s, he carried out comprehensive studies on the proportions of the human body, anatomy and physiology for the first time. Ludovico il Moro allocated workshops to Leonardo for his paintings and technological inventions. Leonardo also had students to whom he would show his brushstrokes and his entire compositional style. Salai, whose real name was Gian Giacomo Caprotti, whom he took with him at the age of ten, had a special place among his students.

Leonardo also began to take notes from his thoughts in every field during his Milan period. His sketches and handwritten notes in tiny fonts ran into thousands of pages. He used his left hand from left to right in mirror symmetry in both his drawings and writings. His notebooks contained nature observations, technical and artistic drawings, as well as personal notes, accounts, addresses, interests and contacts.

Ludovico il Moro revived the project of an equestrian statue, a symbol of the power of his dynasty, in honor of his father. Leonardo was asked to build this monument, which Sforza planned to be gigantic in size. In 1493, a plaster model of this bronze equestrian statue was exhibited in the courtyard of the Sforza Palace. Due to the technical difficulties of casting in bronze, this design did not progress beyond the model stage. In 1495, Leonardo started painting his fresco on the theme of " The Last Supper " in the refectory of the Santa Maria delle Grazie Monastery upon the order of Ludovico il Moro.

In 1499, Ludovico Sforza, XII. He was dethroned by the French led by Louis. That marked the end of Leonardo's Milan years in the service of Ludovico il Moro. Spending time in various cities on the way back to Florence, Leonardo met with the new sultan of the Ottoman Empire, Sultan Mehmed the Conqueror's son, Sultan Mehmed II. He wrote a letter to Bayezid stating that he wanted to come under his protection, serve as a military engineer and build a bridge over the Golden Horn. Although he sent a bridge drawing he made to the sultan, this project was not accepted.

Leonardo turned to a different field in 1502. He began working as chief military architect and engineer under General Cesare Borgia. He traveled with the General in Central Italy, through the regions of Tuscany and Umbria. He made topography drawings to be used for military strategy.

He returned to Florence in 1503. In Florence, upon the order of Francesco del Giocondo, he began the portrait of his wife Lisa del Giocondo (Mona Lisa) . In the same period, he met two great contemporary artists, Michelangelo Buonarroti and Raffaello. Raphael admired the Mona Lisa and even studied it. A conflict arose between Leonardo and Michelangelo. The Florence administration decided to decorate the walls of the great hall of the government mansion, Palazzo Vecchio, with large murals about the history of the city. Leonardo was asked for a painting on the theme of “The Battle of Anghiari”. It was to be exhibited side by side with Michelangelo's painting on the "Battle of Cascina". However, both paintings could not be finished.

Leonardo left Florence in 1506 and returned to Milan. Apart from brief visits to Florence, he worked in Milan for the French ruler of the city, Charles d'Amboise. In 1508 he made a second version of the "Madonna of the Rocks" with some changes. He was making ornamental designs for the ceremonies held in the French palace in Milan and continuing his career as an architect.

During the Second Milan period, Leonardo's anatomical drawings were taking precedence over his paintings. He started to devote more time to anatomy. Unlike the anatomy drawings of the early Milan period, it mostly included the human body and cut and dismembered organs. Francesco Melzi, a member of a Milanese landowning family, entered the artist's workshop as a student. Melzi would become one of Leonardo's closest friends.

In 1511, Leonardo's patron, the French administrator Charles d'Amboise, died. With the French withdrawal from Milan in 1512, Leonardo accepted the guardianship of Giuliano de'Medici, brother of Pope Leo X, and went to Rome. He started working for Guiliano de'Medici at the Vatican Palace. “John the Baptist” was Leonardo's last painting, the only painting from the Roman period that has survived to the present day.

In 1516 his patron Giuliano de'Medici died. In 1517, he moved to France as a court painter upon the invitation of King François I of France. He settled in Cloux Castle in Amboise with Francesco Melzi and Salai. He would spend the last years of his life at Cloux Castle. He worked as the king's chief painter, engineer and architect. Even though his stroke affected his right side, he continued to work. He left painting mostly to his student Melzi. Even though he did not use a brush much, he focused on drawing and filled his notebooks with patterns. He started making drawings on the subject of the flood and was drawing unrealistic depictions with strange movements.

As a result of his serious illness in 1518, Leonardo da Vinci fell into bed. He died at Cloux Castle on 2 May 1519, at the age of 67.

Leonardo Da Vinci Tablo indexes

Mona Lisa , Date: 1503, Original Size: 77 x 53 cm, Location: Musée du Louvre, Paris
Virgin Mary, Child Jesus and Anna , Date: 1510, Original Size: 168 x 130 cm, Location: Musée du Louvre, Paris
study
Diana
Cleopatra
Mary and Her Child
Madonna ve Isa
Young lady
Portrait of Young Lady
Hz One
John the Baptist , Date: 1513/16, Original Size: 69 x 57 cm, Location: Musée du Louvre, Paris
Mary and Jesus
Portrait of Cecilia Gallerani , Date: 1483/90, Original Size: 54.8 x 40.3 cm, Location: Czartoryski Museum, Cracow
The Last Supper , Date: 1495, Original Size: 418 x 794 cm, Location: Da Vinci Museum, Tongerlo
Virgin of the Rocks , Date: 1483/86, Original Size: 199 x 122 cm, Location: Musée du Louvre, Paris
Annunciation to Mary , Date: 1472, Original Size: 98 x 217 cm, Location: Uffizi Gallery, Florence
Virgin Mary and Child Jesus , Date: 1490, Original Size: 42 x 33 cm, Location: The Hermitage, St. petersburg
Painting of a Young Lady , Date: 1490, Original Size: 63 x 45 cm, Location: Musée du Louvre, Paris
Baptism of Jesus , Date: 1472, Original Size: 177 x 151 cm, Location: Uffizi Gallery, Florence
Virgin Mary , Date: 1483, Location: Musée du Louvre, Paris
Virgin Mary with Flowers , Date: 1478, Original Size: 50 x 32 cm, Location: Hermitage, St. petersburg
Beatrice , Date: 1490/99, Original Size: 51 x 34 cm, Location: Ambrosiana, Mailand
The Adoration of Kings , Date: 1481, Original Size: 243 x 246 cm, Location: Uffizi Gallery, Florence
Battle of Anghiari (Detail) , Date: 1503, Original Size: 452 x 637 mm, Location: Musée du Louvre, Paris
Leda , Date: 1510/15, Original Size: 112 x 86 cm, Location: Galleria Borghese, Rome

Leonardo Da Vinci Design and Sketch indexes

Vitruvian Man , Date: 1492, Original Size: 34.3 x 24.5 cm, Location: Gallerie dell'Accademia, Venice
Plan of the City of Imola , Date: 1502, Original Size: 44 x 60.2 cm, Location: Museo Vinciano, Vinci
Embryo Study , Date: 1509/14, Original Size: 30.5 x 22 cm
Studies in Anatomy , Date: 1510, Original Size: 28.9 x 19.9 cm, Location: Royal Library, London
Anatomy Studies (Human and Horse Legs) , Date: 1506, Original Size: 28.5 x 20.5 cm, Location: Royal Library, London
Anatomy Sketches (Genital Organ) , Date: 1492, Original Size: 27.3 x 20.2 cm, Location: Royal Library, London
Soldier Head Sketch , Date: 1504, Original Size: 22.6 x 18.6 cm, Location: Museum of Fine Arts, Budapest
Head Study
Wooden Gears , Date: 1500
Flywheels , Date: 1500
Flood , Date: 1518, Original Size: 16 x 20 cm, Location: Royal Collection of the United Kingdom
Half-Length Apostle Study , Date: 1495, Location: Albertina, Vienna
Bad Thought is Envy and Ingratitude
Studies of Horse Joints , Date: 1495, Original Size: 21 x 14.5 cm, Location: Museum of Fine Arts, Budapest
Warrior Head Study , Date: 1504, Original Size: 19.1 x 18.8 cm, Location: Museum of Fine Arts, Budapest
Head of Jesus Christ , Date: 1494, Original Size: 40 x 32 cm, Location: Pinacoteca di Brera, Milan
Virgin Mary and Child John , Date: 1507, Original Size: 141.5 x 106 cm, Location: National Gallery, London
Tuscan Chiana Valley Map , Date: 1502, Original Size: 33.8 x 48.8 cm, Location: Royal Library, London
Flying Machine Sketch , Date: 1485, Original Size: 23 x 16 cm, Location: Bibliotheque de l'Institut de France, Paris
The Head of the Apostles and Architectural Sketches , Date: 1498, Original Size: 25.2 x 17.2 cm, Location: Royal Library, London
Sketches of a Child and a Cat , Date: 1478, Original Size: 20.6 x 14.3 cm, Location: Galleria degli Uffizi, Florence
Girl's Head Sketch , Date: 1483, Original Size: 18.1 x 15.9 cm, Location: Biblioteca Reale, Turin
Sketch of David (Mikelange) , Date: 1505, Location: Royal Library, London
Automobile , Date: 1478, Original Size: 27 x 20 cm, Location: Biblioteca Ambrosiana, Milan
Flying Machine Drawing , Date: 1787, Original Size: 23.5 x 17.6 cm, Location: Institut de France, Paris
Horse Sculpture Sketch , Date: 1517, original Size: 27.8 x 18.4 cm, Location: Royal Library, Windsor
Sketches of the Last Supper , Date: 1494, Original Size: 26 x 39.2 cm, Location: Gallerie dell'Accademia, Venice
Allegory with the Wolf and the Eagle , Date: 1516, Original Size: 17 x 28 cm, Location: Royal Library, London
Self-Portrait , Date: 1512, Original Size: 33.3 x 21.3 cm, Location: Biblioteca Reale, Turin
Cartoon Studies , Date: 1490, Original Size: 18 x 12 cm, Location: Gallerie dell'Accademia, Venice
Architectural Sketch
Female Head , Date: 1470/76, Original Size: 282 x 199 mm, Location: Galleria degli Uffizi, Florence
Profile Proportions of a Male Head , Date: 1490, Original Size: 28 x 22.2 cm, Location: Gallerie dell'Accademia, Venice
Horse and Leda Sketches , Date: 1503/07, Location: Royal Library, London
Figure Studies , Original Size: 27.8 x 20.8 cm, Location: Musée du Louvre, Paris
The Tempest , Date: 1500, Original Size: 20 x 15 cm, Location: Royal Library, London
Bird's Eye View of the Seashore , Date: 1515, Original Size: 27.2 x 40 cm, Location: Royal Library, London
Water Sketches , Date: 1509, Original Size: 29 x 20.2 cm, Location: Royal Library, London
Horse Sculpture Study , Date: 1493, Original Size: 21 x 15 cm, Location: Biblioteca Nacional, Madrid
Anatomy and Architectural Studies , Date: 1513, Location: Royal Library, London
Survey of Centrally Planned Buildings , Original Size: 23 x 16 cm, Location: Institut de France, Paris
Animal Sketches , Date: 1513, Original Size: 29.8 x 21.2 cm, Location: Royal Library, Windsor
Profile Sketches of Mary , Date: 1480, Original Size: 40.5 x 29 cm, Location: Royal Library, Windsor
Sketches of the Last Supper , Date: 1494, Original Size: 26.6 x 21.4 cm, Location: Royal Library, London
Sketch of Mary , Date: 1501, Original Size: 25.7 x 20.3 cm, Location: Gallerie dell'Accademia, Venice
Grotesque Head , Date: 1500/05, Original Size: 39 x 28 cm
Female Head Sketch , Date: 1508, Original Size: 27 x 21 cm, Location: Galleria Nazionale, Parma
Grotesque Figure Studies , Date: 1494, Original Size: 26.1 x 20.6 cm, Location: Royal Library, Windsor
Horse Sketches , Date: 1490, Original Size: 25 x 18.7 cm, Location: Royal Library, Windsor
Galloping Horse and Figure Sketches , Date: 1503, Original Size: 16.8 x 24 cm, Location: Royal Library, Windsor
Fruit and Vegetable Sketch, Date: 1487, Original Size: 23.5 x 17.6 cm, Location: Institut de France, Paris
Hand Sketch , Date: 1474, original Size: 21.4 x 15 cm, Location: Royal Library, London
Anatomy Studies (Male Shoulder) , Date: 1509, Original Size: 29.2 x 19.8 cm
Sketch of the Equestrian Monument to Trivulzio , Date: 1508, Original Size: 28 x 19.8 cm, Location: Royal Library, London
War and Horse Sketches , Date: 1503, Location: Galleria degli Uffizi, Florence
Anghiari War Cavalry , Date: 1503, Original Size: 16 x 19.7 cm, Location: Royal Library, London
Horse Sculpture Study , Date: 1493, Original Size: 21 x 30 cm, Location: Biblioteca Nacional, Madrid
Battle of Anghiari , Date: 1503, Original Size: 85 x 115 cm
Cannon Foundry , Date: 1487, Location: Royal Library, Windsor
Chariot with Rotary Scythe , Date: 1485, Original Size: 210 x 292 mm, Location: Biblioteca Reale, Turin
Sforza Monument (Sketch) , Date: 1488, Location: Royal Library, London