Astronomical Knowledge of Ancient Civilizations: The Relationship between Stone Structures and the S

Entrance:
Ancient civilizations' interest in the sky and knowledge of astronomy are of great importance in human history. These civilizations built various stone structures in order to understand the movements in the sky, seasons and other astronomical events. In this article, we will discuss the stone structures that ancient civilizations around the world built with the knowledge of astronomy and their relationship with the sky.

1. Introduction: Astronomy and the Cultural Context of Ancient Civilizations
   • Why knowledge of astronomy was so important to ancient civilizations.
   • How sky observations are integrated into cultural and religious practices.
2. Egyptian Pyramids: Calculating the Sun, Moon and Stars
   • Astronomical features of Egyptian pyramids.
   • How the pyramids are associated with sunrise and sunset.
3. Stonehenge: Cyclic Movements of the Sun and Moon
   • Structural features of Stonehenge and its relationship with sky observations.
   • How to follow the cyclical movements of the sun and moon.
4. Maya Civilization: Calendar Systems and Celestial Events
   • Use of Mayan calendar systems based on astronomical knowledge.
   • How the Mayans predicted solar and lunar eclipses.
5. Babylonian Civilization: Astronomical Knowledge and Celestial Maps
   • Celestial maps and astronomical observations of Babylonian astronomers.
   • Basic astronomical information on which the Babylonian calendar systems were built.
6. Astro-archaeology of Monuments: Analyzes with Modern Technology
   • Astronomical analysis of ancient civilization ruins using technological methods used today.
   • How the architectural and astronomical features of stone structures contribute to modern research.
7. Ancient Civilizations' Views of the Sky and Their Modern Legacy
   • The legacy of ancient civilizations' deep interest in the sky in modern science and culture.
   • The current use of astronomy knowledge and the impact of this ancient knowledge on today's astronomy.

Ancient civilizations' interest in the sky was not only an expression of astronomical knowledge but also part of their culture and belief systems. Stone structures are concrete expressions of these civilizations' efforts to record and understand their astronomical observations. Today, these artifacts are not only a part of our ancient past, but are also considered an important resource for science, archeology and cultural research.
Ancient civilizations gained important knowledge about astronomy by observing the sky and stars, creating calendars, measuring time and organizing religious ceremonies. This information was also used when building stone structures.
stonehenge
Stonehenge is a stone circle located in England and dates back to 3000 BC. Although the purpose of the circle is unknown, it is thought to have been used for astronomical observations. The stone in the center of the circle is aligned with the sunrise and sunset on the summer solstice.

Stone circle located in Stonehenge, England
Göbekli tepe
Göbekli Tepe is a neolithic site in Turkey dating back to 12,000 BC. There are megaliths in the area, where some stones are thought to reflect the positions of stars in the sky.



Machu Picchu is a city located in Peru and built by the Inca Empire in the 15th century. The city has structures aligned with the phases of the moon and solar eclipses.

Machu Picchu city in Peru
Mayan Pyramids
The Mayans were an advanced civilization in astronomy. They used their pyramids to observe the movements of the sun, moon and planets.



Aztec Pyramids
The Aztecs were also a civilization knowledgeable about astronomy. They used their pyramids to observe the movements of the sun, moon and planets.


Astronomy knowledge and skills of ancient civilizations significantly influenced the way they built stone structures. These structures were used to observe the sky and stars, and this information was used to create religious ceremonies and calendars.